The first vertebra is now called the atlas. The second vertebra, called the axis, is enlarged and the joint between the atlas and axis is specialized. The story of the evolution of the ...

Medically reviewed by Marissa Sansone, MD The primary symptoms of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), a chronic inflammatory disease, include back pain, fatigue, joint pain, heel pain, sleep problems, ...

The cervical spine can be particularly vulnerable to the effects of RA, leading to conditions such as atlanto-axial subluxation and cervical myelopathy. Recent research has focused on ...

and the second cervical vertebra (C2, or axis). These conditions can lead to significant neck pain and restricted movement, and they are often associated with trauma or other underlying issues.