Ballast, typically made of crushed stone, provides support for the track structure ... and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), to model the MR based on various loading parameters.

Ballastless Track: A modern railway track design that uses concrete slabs instead of ballast for support, often used in high-speed rail systems. This Nature Research Intelligence Topic summary is ...

The second layer exclusively consists of new ballast inserted by the 09-2X / CM. It places both layers in the optimum position using dynamic track stabilisers and a two-sleeper tamping unit. The core ...