who were randomly assigned to receive placebo or carvedilol. Patients were up-titrated from a starting dose of 3.125mg twice daily to a maximum tolerated dose or up to 25mg twice daily over 6 weeks.

Patients were switched if they were stable on a minimum dose of 25 mg b.i.d. carvedilol or 100 mg metoprolol. The crossover was performed within 1 day during monitoring of blood pressure and heart ...

Carvedilol has the capacity to block both the β-1 and β-2 adrenergic receptors, as well as the α-1 receptors. There is evidence to indicate that full adrenergic blockade by carvedilol improves ...