and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is its ligand protein molecule, both of which are immune checkpoint molecules. An immune checkpoint is an inhibitory pathway of the immune system that is ...

Since its discovery in the 1990s, “programmed cell death protein 1,” or PD-1, has been regarded as a leading target in cancer treatments. A “checkpoint” receptor that often resides on the ...

This is achieved by cell extrusion programs, a checkpoint mechanism eliminating ... impact on the fate of extruding cells governing their death or survival. The results may establish novel paths ...