A key function of IRS proteins in peripheral tissues is to couple insulin receptor activation to signaling via the PI3K signal transduction pathway, and in neurons, PI3K is implicated as a key ...

Dopamine receptors bind dopamine, insulin receptors bind insulin ... These intracellular signaling pathways, also called signal transduction cascades, typically amplify the message, producing ...

which can be programmed to differentiate into insulin-producing cells. Understanding the signal transduction pathways involved in the differentiation process is vital to the success of this approach.

Here, we suggest that although several factors can set this pathophysiological sequence in motion, impaired insulin signal transduction in tissues throughout the body, including the CNS ...