biliary drainage before surgery for pancreatic cancer ... 4 In 3–5% of patients the percutaneous transhepatic route must be used rather than the transduodenal route due to anatomical or ...

Microbiological bile analysis might, however, have a role in patients with complications of orthotopic liver transplantation and those in whom adequate biliary drainage has not been achieved.

Efficacy and safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) vs percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) for cholangiocarcinoma biliary obstruction: An updated systematic ...