This relationship is characterized by the unique way in which fig trees rely on specific wasp species for pollination ... into various aspects of this mutualism, including the dynamics of ...

The mutualism is facultative from the perspective of these plants, although the quality of seeds produced through self-pollination is often reduced relative to the quality of seeds produced ...

This “likely represents an intermediate stage in the evolution of nursery pollination mutualism,” says the Kobe University biologist SUETSUGU Kenji.