The academics described the system in the study “A standalone photovoltaic energy storage application with positive pulse current battery charging,” published in the Journal of Energy Storage.

The scientists specified that off-grid solar-plus-storage system should be sized in a way that results in a good level of storage utilization. “The design of cost-effective PV-battery systems is ...

than standalone PV systems (15%). Another benefit of PVT systems is that the solar panel temperature stays low, thereby maintaining higher efficiencies. The research team, led by Dr. Surojit Sen ...