Imbued, informed and judged by the normativity of the Quran, the early Sufi movement was based on the simplicity and piety of the Prophet against the luxurious lifestyle of the ruling elites.

T he Bhakti movement emerged between the 7th and 17th centuries. Like Sufism was a form of protest against the complexities of orthodox Islam, the Bhakti movement was a protest against the ...