1). Figure 1: Dissection of the cranial thorax, thoracic inlet, and neck of an adult ferret showing the cranial vena cava and its anatomic relationship with other intrathoracic organs. Restraint ...

Background Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is a syndrome involving compression at the thoracic inlet, which is known clinically as the superior thoracic outlet resulting from excess pressure placed on ...

[12] Nevertheless, for those lesions located below the thoracic inlet, the procedure becomes challenging and it imposes a higher risk since the needle trajectory is close to many vital structures.

[1–3] Nevertheless, access to lesions that lie near the thoracic inlet or within the thoracic cavity can be difficult, risky, or even impossible with US- FNA. These cases typically lead to ...