Predators at the top of a marine food chain 130 million years ago ruled with more power than any modern species, McGill ...

Producers Green plants - they make glucose during photosynthesis. Primary consumers Usually eat plant material - they are herbivores. For example rabbits, caterpillars, cows and sheep. Secondary ...

Energy flow diagrams often depict secondary production as the flow leaving one trophic level and entering (being ingested by) the next. Many ecologists, however, have demonstrated that secondary ...

Researchers measure the levels of anthropogenic particles present in various seafood caught along the West Coat of the United States.

Trophic cascades are powerful indirect interactions that can control entire ecosystems. Trophic cascades occur when predators limit the density and/or behavior of their prey and thereby enhance ...

Remember, food chains do not show the number of organisms at each trophic level. Pyramids of number are not always perfect pyramids because of large organisms at the bottom and small ones at the top.

Researchers presented an overview of MNPs ingestion, bioaccumulation, and their ecotoxicological endpoints on plants and the associated key AG-BG biota across trophic levels. They found that MNPs ...