Virtually all of the organic materials used in thin film devices have sufficiently high vapor pressures to be evaporated at temperatures below 400°C, and then be transported in the vapor phase by an .

“To date, sequential vapor-phase processes may offer the highest, however, there are still too slow dynamic deposition rates,” Ulrich W. Paetzold, co-corresponding author and leader of the ...

PVD: Involves the physical transition of a material from a condensed phase to a vapor phase by sputtering or evaporation in a vacuum environment, followed by deposition on the substrate. The process ...