"LIBS tells us if and how much fluorine is in the particle, while ICP-MS tells us all of the uranium isotopes present," ...

Forever chemicals are made by bonding carbon isotopes to the element fluorine, which almost never happens in nature. Once the molecular bonds form, they are virtually unbreakable. The researchers ...

Uranium is present in nature as three isotopes — 238 U, 235 U and 234 U (99.28%, 0.73% and 0.005% abundance, respectively) — but these have very similar properties and are therefore difficult ...

Each peak in the graph indicates a different combination of carbon isotopes bonded to fluorine, as measured by the NMR instrument. The pattern gives the molecule its fingerprint.

This is done by choosing isotopes that: Positron emission tomography (PET) scans use a positron emitter as the contamination tracer. These tracer materials, such as fluorine-18, have very short ...