Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a common condition that often develops after repeated ankle sprains, leading to persistent symptoms such as pain, swelling, and a feeling of the ankle "giving way." ...

Research related to ankle joint instability evolved over the decade following the publication of the Hertel19 CAI model, with a primary aim of much of the research devoted to understanding exactly ...

Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) is a condition primarily ... These changes are likely a response to chronic spinal cord compression and may affect the stability of the region[3][4].