In order to produce the necessary biological effects, macrophages (M0) can be polarized into pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) types in response to various microenvironmental stimuli.

Macrophages exist in most tissues of the body, where they perform various functions at the same time equilibrating with other cells to maintain immune responses in numerous diseases including cancer.

PPAR-γ is prominently expressed in activated monocytes and tissue macrophages in vivo, including the foam cells of atherosclerotic lesions 6,7. Multiple functions have been proposed for PPAR-γ ...

kuleuven.be Intestinal resident macrophages are at the front line of host defence at the mucosal barrier within the gastrointestinal tract and have long been known to play a crucial role in the ...