Basic quantum mechanics tells us that the fundamental unit of charge is unbreakable: the electron charge is quantized. Yet, we have come to understand that exceptions exist. In some situations ...

The role of electrons and their negative charge in electric current is well established. Electrons also exhibit other ...

Electrons have a hidden feature — spin — that could revolutionize technology. Magnets can control it, but researchers are now ...

Charge is measured in coulombs (C). Since electrons are so small and one electron will not have much of an effect anywhere, it is more useful to refer to large groups of electrons. One coulomb of ...

The SHE is depicted in Fig. 1.Conventional charge current is composed of the sum of the electron flows with up and down spins. If these electrons are scattered by impurities that couple to their ...

Beta (\(\beta^-\)) decay is the release of an electron by the change of a neutron to a proton. The neutron (charge = 0) is made up of one up quark (charge = \(\frac{2}{3}\)) and two down quarks ...

They have helped link charge ordering to superconductivity and to explore quantum spin liquids, where electron spins remain disordered even at extremely low temperatures. Valence electrons with ...