a commercial agreement that ended the so-called Quasi War. Napoleon would eventually declare himself "Emperor of the French." John Adams had feared just such a chaotic end: A revolution of this ...

In 1809, as Napoleon fought the Austrians at Wagram, the war in Spain and Portugal continued to rage. The French had ...

The French retaliated, killing thousands of Spaniards. It was the start of a brutal, no-holds-barred war, marked by savagery on both sides. The French tortured and mutilated their prisoners ...

The wars between ... In Ireland, the French supported the Jacobites and fought a bitter conflict with the Williamites, supported by England. In England, the Glorious Revolution took place.

Between the outbreak of the French Revolution, 1789, and the Treaty of Vienna, 1815, Europe’s national economies were afflicted by 26 years of intensified mercantilist warfare. Thanks to generous ...

This carving, made from animal bones, is unusual. It dates from the Napoleonic era and would have been made by a French prisoner of war based at a camp near Peterborough at the end of the ...

Louis, like the monarchs before him, had spent vast fortunes on foreign wars but he hadn’t noticed ... This was much more than simply a mob. The French Revolution would be led by shopkeepers ...

An analysis of the Napoleonic Wars, 1799-1815, and their impact on politics and society. The fourth number of the course code shows the level of the course. For example, in course 219206, the fourth ...