The biomechanics of the thoracic spine and rib cage are crucial for understanding how these structures work together to support movement, stability, and respiratory function. Recent research has ...

Dogs have 13 paired ribs, numbered 1–13, which articulate with thoracic vertebra of the same number. The diaphragm arises from the ventral borders of the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae and ...

The costovertebral joints and its ligaments are involved in both respiratory function and thoracic spine stability, but its anatomy is relatively unknown and therefore frequently overlooked during the ...

During surgery to correct Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, both the first rib -- the uppermost of the ribs, which is attached to the first thoracic vertebrae at the base of the neck, angles down and connects ...