The factors responsible for host defense are clearance of inhaled particles by alveolar macrophages and neutrophils, humoral immunity at mucosal surface, and cell-mediated immune functions at ...

Since most patients are asymptomatic and lack relevant biomarkers, LVDD has not attracted significant attention from clinicians. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a widely studied ...

and promote proliferation and differentiation of other white cells such as neutrophils and eosinophils. Further, CD4 helper T cells are important for stimulating B lymphocyte IgE antibody ...