TLRs critically link innate immunity to adaptive immunity by regulating the activation of antigen-presenting cells and key cytokines. Furthermore, recent studies also have shown that TLR signaling can ...

Figure 1. Selected highlights in the development of immunotherapy. Figure 3. A schematic picture showed the improved CIK therapy. CIK, cytokine-induced killer; TA, tumor antigen; CAR, chimeric antigen ...

This important study investigates the signaling pathways regulating retinal regeneration. Convincing evidence shows that the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling pathway is inhibited following ...

This paper highlights the use of SMART in several biological test cases including cellular mechanotransduction, calcium signaling in neurons and cardiomyocytes, and adenosine triphosphate synthesis.