In order to produce the necessary biological effects, macrophages (M0) can be polarized into pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) types in response to various microenvironmental stimuli.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common chronic kidney disease. Accumulation of glucose and metabolites activates resident macrophages in kidneys. Resident macrophages play diverse roles on ...

PPAR-γ is prominently expressed in activated monocytes and tissue macrophages in vivo, including the foam cells of atherosclerotic lesions 6,7. Multiple functions have been proposed for PPAR-γ ...

kuleuven.be Intestinal resident macrophages are at the front line of host defence at the mucosal barrier within the gastrointestinal tract and have long been known to play a crucial role in the ...

Request permissions for this article.

1Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P ...

We see the seven stones of the Molecular Systems Biology cover as a visual allegory for Aristotle's visionary thought: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011, Japan Laboratory of Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative ...