including the administration of diuretics and intravenous hypotonic fluids. For example, the administration of diuretics leads to a 4 mEq/L decrease in serum sodium, on average. [46] In some ...

Patients should be monitored closely after surgery for the abrupt onset of hypotonic urine excretion and/or hyperosmolality. Once a diagnosis of diabetes insipidus is confirmed—using established ...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects the metabolism of primary macronutrients such as proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Due to the high prevalence of DM, emergency admissions for hyperglycemic crisis, ...

PG is an important component of the cell wall that provides bacteria with a rigid structure and enables them to survive in hypotonic environments, which makes it a reliable target for antibiotic ...

Nanofluidics is the study and manipulation of fluids confined within nanostructures. The fluid dynamics of substances on the nanoscale differs significantly from the fluid dynamics of substances ...

Fluid dynamics is the study of the motion of liquids, gases and plasmas. Flow is dependent on the intrinsic properties of the matter itself, such as compressibility, viscosity and density. Example ...