Although a high white blood cell count is associated with an increased likelihood of infection, the clinical significance of extreme leukocytosis (EL), defined as a white blood cell count of ≥ ...

In general, the patients had no leukocytosis but had an elevated serum level of LDH ... In the patients with positive effusion cultures, there were 21 (9%) deaths before the time of diagnosis.

Symptoms include vomiting, reflux, abdominal pains, diarrhea and constipation. Clinical diagnosis requires the exclusion of nonimmunologic diseases that have similar gastrointestinal symptoms.