Recent discoveries challenge ideas of a sharp divide between the haves and have-nots in ancient Mesopotamia, suggesting a larger middle class than previously thought.

However, proto-cuneiform is only found in southern Iraq. Thus ... As one of the first cities to rise in Mesopotamia, Uruk became a hub in the fourth millennium BCE. Its broad area of influence ...

The University of Warsaw details how the area remains of great interest due to the unique artifacts it produces, such as an extremely rare copper pin from Southern Mesopotamia. “Its presence ...