Background The immune suppression mechanisms in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remain unknown, but preclinical studies have implicated macrophage-mediated immune tolerance. Hence, pathways ...

Correspondence to Dr Zhiqi Zhang, Department of Joint Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou 510080, China; zhzhiqi{at}mail.sysu.edu.cn; Dr Weiming Liao; ...